Voiced labial–velar approximant
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨w⟩ in IPA
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A voiced labialâvelar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter â¨wâ© in the English alphabet;[1] likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is â¨wâ©, or rarely [ɰʷ].[citation needed] In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of a close back rounded vowel [u]. In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, /w/ will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, /w/ may be placed in the velar column, labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with convenience or phonological criteria than with phonetics.[2]
| Voiced labialâvelar approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| w | |||
| ɰʷ | |||
| IPA number | 170 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | w | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0077 | ||
| X-SAMPA | w | ||
| Braille | |||
| |||
For a labialized post-palatal approximantâsometimes also described as a voiced labialâprevelar approximantâwhich is more fronted in the place of articulation than a prototypical labialâvelar approximant, see Labialâpalatal approximant § Post-palatal.
Features
Features of a voiced labialâvelar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. The type of approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of /w/ from the /u/ vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).
- Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (the velum) while rounding the lips. Some languages, such as Japanese and perhaps the Northern Iroquoian languages, have a sound typically transcribed as /w/ where the lips are compressed, or in some cases may not have labial features at all. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol [w] in such cases and instead use [ɰ], or may use the under-rounding diacritic [wÌ].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | аÑÐ°Ò©Ñ / awaẠy / áá£áá³á· | [awaËÉ¥É] | 'human' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | о / o | [wÉ] | 'you (singular)' | See Adyghe phonology | |
| Alemannic | Bernese | Giel | [É¡ÌiÉ̯w] | 'boy' | Allophone of [l] |
| Arabic | Modern Standard[3] | ÙÙØ±Ùد / ward | [ward] | 'rose' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assamese | ৱাশà§à¦¬à¦¿à¦à¦à¦¨ / Washington | [wasiÅtÉn] | 'Washington' | ||
| Basque | lau | [law] | 'four' | ||
| Belarusian | воÑк / voÅk | â | 'wolf' | See Belarusian phonology | |
| Bengali | à¦à¦¯à¦¼à¦¾à¦¦à¦¾ / wada | [wÃ¡Ì d̪aÌ Ë] | 'promise' | Fortitional allophone of the semivowels [o̯] and [u̯], especially in loan words. See Bengali phonology | |
| Berber | ⴰⵡⴰⵠ/ äwäl | [æwæl] | 'speech' | ||
| Breton | nav | [Ënaw] | 'nine' | ||
| Bulgarian | Colloquial | лопаÑа / lopata | [woËpat̪É] | 'shovel' | Contemporary pronunciation of /É«/, an ongoing sound change. See Bulgarian phonology. |
| Pernik dialects | This dialect has a long-standing tradition of pronouncing /É«/ as /w/, similar to the Polish language. Independent of the similar sound change happening in the standard language. | ||||
| Standard Bulgarian | ÑиÑки / uiski | [ËwiskÌi] | 'whiskey' | Appears in borrowings. See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Burmese | áá«á / wadạ | [wà da̰] | 'belief' | ||
| Catalan[4] | quart | [ËkwÉɾt] | 'fourth' | Post-lexically after /k/ and /É¡/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | æ / waat | â | 'dig' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | æ / wÄ | â | See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Danish | hav | [hÉw] | 'ocean' | Allophone of [v] | |
| Dutch | Colloquial | kouwe | [ËkÊu̯wÉ] | 'cold' | Lenited allophone of /d/ after /Êu̯/. Corresponds to /d/ in the standard language (cf. koude). See Dutch phonology |
| Standard Surinamese | welp | [wÉÉ«p] | 'cub' | May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects.[5][6] Corresponds to [Ê] in most of the Netherlands and to [βÌ] in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | weep | [wiËp] | 'weep' | See English phonology | |
| French[7] | oui | â | 'yes' | See French phonology | |
| German | Quelle | [kweËlÉ] | 'source' | Some regions [citation needed] | |
| Hawaiian[8] | wikiwiki | [wikiwiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as [v]. See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | Mizrahi | ×Ö¼×Ö¹×Ö· / kowaḥ | [Ëkowaħ] | 'power' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Hindustani[9] | Hindi | विशà¥à¤µà¤¾à¤¸ / viÅvÄs | [ÊɪÊwäËs] | 'belief' | Allophone of /Ê/. See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | ÙØ´Ùاس / viÅvÄs | ||||
| Irish | vóta | [ËwoËtÌªË É] | 'vote' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[10] | uomo | [ËwÉËmo] | 'man' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kabardian | ÑÑ / wÉ | â | 'you (singular)' | ||
| Karakalpak | ÑÑÑÑÑ / tuwıw | [tʰuËwuw] | 'birth' | ||
| Kazakh | аÑа / aua | [ÉÌwÉÌÌ] | 'air' | ||
| Korean | ìê°ë¦¬ / waegari | [wÉÉ¡Éɾi] | 'heron' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kyrgyz | аба / aba | [ÉÌwÌÉ] | 'air' | Lenited allophone of /b/. See Kyrgyz phonology | |
| Lao | ຫວາຠ/ wan | [wÇËn] | 'sweet' | See Lao phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[11] | zwee | [tÍ¡sweÌË] | 'two' | Allophone of /v/ after /k, tÍ¡s, Ê/.[12] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | wang | [waÅ] | 'money' | ||
| Malayalam | à´à´µàµà´µ / uvva | [uwËÉ] | 'yes' | /Ê/ around rounded vowels for some speakers. | |
| Mayan | Yucatec | witz | [wit͡s] | 'mountain' | |
| Mongolian | гавал / á á á ªá á ¯á / gawal | [É¢Ì¥Ã¡Ì wÌÉÌɬ] | 'skull' | ||
| Nepali | हावा / hawa | [ɦaÌ waÌ ] | 'wind' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Odia[13] | ଠà¬àରà±à¬¾à¬²à / ogrowal | [ÉgɾÉwäl] | 'Agrawal' | ||
| Pashto | ï»ïºïº / wÄr | [wÉr] | 'one time' | ||
| Persian | Dari | ÙÙØ±Ø²ÙØ´ / warzish | [warËzɪÊ] | 'sport' | May approach /Ê/ in some regional dialects. |
| Farsi | ÙÙââÙ / nov | [now] | 'new' | Only in a diphthong or colloquially. | |
| Polish[14] | Åaska | â | 'grace' | See Polish phonology. Corresponds to [É«] in older pronunciation and eastern dialects. | |
| Portuguese[15] | Most dialects | quando | [ËkwÉÌdu] | 'when' | Post-lexically after /k/ and /É¡/. See Portuguese phonology |
| boa | [Ëbow.wÉ] | 'good' (f.) | Epenthetic glide or allophone of /u/, following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one.[16] | ||
| General Brazilian | qual | [Ëkwaw] | 'which' | Allophone of /l/ in coda position for most Brazilian dialects.[15] | |
| Romanian | dulÄu | â | 'mastiff' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | волк / volk | [wou̯k] | 'wolf' | Western dialects. | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Croatian[17] | vuk | [wûËk] | 'wolf' | Allophone of /Ê/ before /u/.[17] See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
| Slovene[18][19] | cerkev | [ËtÍ¡sèËrkÉw] | 'church' | Allophone of /Ê/ in the syllable coda.[18][19] Voiceless [Ê] before voiceless consonants. See Slovene phonology | |
| Sotho | sewa | [Ësewa] | 'epidemic' | See Sesotho phonology | |
| Svan | áá£Ìáá / kâwen | [kʼwen] | 'marten' | ||
| Spanish[20] | Standard | cuanto | [Ëkwãn̪t̪oÌ] | 'as much' | |
| Some dialects | Náhuatl | [Ënawät̪l] | 'Nahuatl' | May also be fricative [wÌ] ~ [É£ÌÊ·]. See Spanish phonology | |
| ese huevo | [ËeseÌ ËweβÌoÌ] | 'that egg' | |||
| Swahili | mwanafunzi | [mwÉnÉfunzi] | 'student' | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard[21] | Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of /É¡/ in casual speech before the protruded vowels /É, oË/. See Swedish phonology | |||
| Tagalog | araw | [ËÉɾaw] | 'day' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Thai | à¹à¸«à¸§à¸ / waen | [wÉÌËn] | 'ring' | See Thai phonology | |
| Toki Pona | wile | [wile] | 'to want' | ||
| Vietnamese[22] | Standard | uá»· | [Êwi˧˩] | 'to delegate' | See Vietnamese phonology |
| Southern | quê | [wej˧˧] | 'hometown' | ||
| Ukrainian | лÑбов / liubov | â | 'love' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | gwae | [ɡwaɨ] | 'woe' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | skowe | [skoËwÉ] | 'to shove' | ||
Nasal
A nasalized voiced labialâvelar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is typically â¨wÌâ© (a nasalized â¨wâ©), though for preciseness â¨É°ÌÊ·â© (a nasalized and labialized â¨É°â©) may also be seen.
Features
Features of a nasal labialâvelar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labialâvelar, which means it is simultaneously articulated with the lips and with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum). The dorsal closure is made and released slightly before the labial closure, but they overlap for most of their duration.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guaranà | Paraguayan[23] | guaranÃme | [ɰÌʷãɾÌãËnÄ©mẽ] | 'in Guarani' | Allophone of /ɰ/ in the digraph â¨guâ©, nasalized due to vowelâconsonant harmony.[23] |
| Kaingang[24] | [wÌÄ©] | 'to see' | Possible word-initial realization of /w/ before a nasal vowel.[25] | ||
| Polish[citation needed] | sÄ | [sÉwÌ] | 'they are' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Most dialects[26][27] | são | [sÉÌwÌ] | 'saint', 'they are' | Allophone of /w/ after nasal vowels. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some dialects[28] | muamba | [ËmwÌÉÌbÉ] | 'smuggling', 'jobbery', 'stash' | Non-syllabic allophone of /u/ between nasal sounds. | |
| Marathi | सà¤à¤¶à¤¯ / saá¹Åay | [sÉÌwÌÊÉe̯] | 'doubt' | Anuswara (á¹) preceding र (r), व (v), श (Å), ष (á¹£), स (s), ह (h) or à¤à¥à¤ (jñ/dnya) is rendered as 'wÌ'. | |
| Seri | cmiique | [ËkwÌÄ©ËkËÉ] | 'person' | Allophone of /m/. | |
| Shipibo[29] | banwan[30] | [βÉÌËwÌÉÌ] | 'parrot' | Allophone of /w/ after nasal vowels.[29] | |
| Telugu | à°à°®à±à°²à° / Ämlaá¹ | [aËwÌalawÌ] | 'acid' | Common colloquial pronunciation of intervocalic and final m. May also be a [ÊÌ].[31] | |
| Uwa | táwÌaya | [ËtawÌaja] | 'yellow' | ||
| Yoruba | wá»Ìn | [wÌÉÌÌn] | 'they' | Allophone of /w/ before nasal vowels. | |
